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| Rohingya refugees coming into Bangladesh by sea |
1. They are the world’s most persecuted minority group
The Rohingya is an ethnic group, majority of which are Sunni Muslims, which has
inhabited the Rakhine (Arakan) district of Burma (Myanmar) over one hundred
years. Before the recent violence, an estimated 1.1m Rohingya live in the
country. They are
despised by the country’s Buddhist majority and live in
apartheid-like conditions. The government refuses to recognize them as an
ethnic minority, describing them as illegal immigrants and interlopers from
neighboring Bangladesh.
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| The refugee crisis has strained neighboring countries' capacity for compassion |
Clashes in the Rakhine state between the inhabitants and military/security forces erupted numerous times since the 1970s. Since 1982, when a new citizenship law was passed, the Rohingya has been stateless with no rights to vote, study, work, travel, practice their religion, and access to healthcare services. According to the UNHCR,
one out of seven stateless people in the world is Rohingya.
After renewed violence in the past five years, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya has fled to neighboring Bangladesh, as well as India, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. The UN Secretary General has dubbed the attacks as "
textbook definition of ethnic cleansing".
2. They have been in Burma for ages
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| 19th century mosque in Akyab |
Modern-day Burma was part of the British India empire back
in during the colonial rule (1824-1948). Migration of ethnic
Indians/Bengali into Burma was not limited in any way, as they are considered
one contiguous territory;
British policy actually encouraged Bengali inhabitants to migrate into the then-lightly populated
and fertile valleys of Arakan as farm laborers, and in the early 19th century,
thousands of Bengalis from the Chittagong region settled in the area seeking
manual work in the paddy fields. The British census of 1872 reported
58,255 Muslims in Akyab District (modern-day Sittwe/Rakhine district); by 1911,
the Muslim population had increased to 178,647.
During the Second World War, the land of Burma (like many parts of
Southeast Asia) was annexed by the Imperial Japanese Army. Native
Buddhists mostly sided with the Japanese, because they wanted British colonizers
to leave. On the other hand, the Muslim minority, who has made good living
and planted roots as agricultural workers as well as other skilled laborers, mostly stayed with the British's side. The British even armed its ethnic Indian populace,
leading to mass killings in the hands of the Japanese. Eventually Britain, of
course, won the war and they remained until Burma's independence in 1948.
After the Burmese declaration of independence, the government
passed the Union Citizenship Act. The Rohingya, along with other minority groups, was initially provided a real pathway to citizenship. However, after the 1962 military coup and the
subsequent 1982 citizenship law, the Rohingya were marginalized and rendered stateless overnight.
Since the 1970s, a number of crackdowns in Rakhine State
have forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya to flee. During such incidents,
refugees have often reported
indiscriminate shootings, rape, torture, arson and
murder by Myanmar security forces. Burmese military dictatorship ended
with the 2012 free elections, but many central figures of the military remained
powerful. For the victims that suffered atrocities under the military
regime, the power that the military still wields means that
human rights abuses are expected to continue.
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| Source: The Economist |
3. The Burmese really, really hate the Rohingya
In case you're wondering, Burma's Buddhism is
starkly different from familiar western perception of the religion.
Theravada Buddhism (practiced in Burma,
Cambodia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka)
does not recognize the Dalai Lama, and their
teachings can be actually quite militant -- they are staunch defenders of blood
purity and against minority groups.
Buddhist nationalist propaganda dehumanizes the Rohingya by calling them "descendants of snakes and insects". In that manner, mistreatment of these people are considered OK as they are not really humans. These views continue to be popular amongst the educated and the elites. With state-controlled media, barrage of fake news and internet trolls, laypeople are generally ignorant of what's really happening to their neighbors.
- They are just different: the Rohingya (Muslim, ethnic
Bengali/Indian) starkly differ in appearance, with darker skins and foreign
traditions vis-à-vis the majority of Burma (Buddhists, ethnically closer to
Chinese)
- The Rohingya do not control births. This is
difficult to show, since there is no state-sponsored healthcare service and no
census for non-citizens.
- The Rohingya are drug smugglers and criminals. Again this is also difficult to prove, but in many
cases marginalization doesn't leave them much choice.
- Finally, a widely held opinion among the elites and educated: the Rohingya are foreign-influenced, jihadi-inspired, overseas-funded, separatists eager to take over the country and overthrow its leadership. During the years leading up to Bangladesh’s independence in 1971, the Rohingyas fought in the Mujahid insurgency. They wanted northern Rakhine, where Muslims were concentrated, to be annexed into Pakistan/Bangladesh, and Burma saw this as disloyalty and treason. More recently local media highlighted ethnic Rohingya who were implicated with al-Qaeda and Taliban.
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| Massive fires in the Rakhine district, as seen from Bangladeshi borders |
4. The government is mostly silent on the humanitarian crisis
Three factors may explain
de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi’s silence.
The first is domestic politics. From Darwin Peng in
Harvard Politics:
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| Ashin Wirathu |
"..The 969
Movement, a nationalist Buddhist movement led by monks including Ashin Wirathu,
has grown increasingly powerful and is responsible for increase in
Islamophobic sentiment among the populace. In addition to encouraging
the Burmese to boycott Muslim stores, the movement has also incited
violence. In 2013, monks led
rioters to
burn homes in the Muslim neighborhood of Meiktila, which led to the deaths of
more than 40 Muslims.
In a country where nearly 90% of the populace practices
Buddhism, Suu Kyi risks alienating a sizable proportion of the populace should
she condemn the Buddhist nationalists. Furthermore, many government
officials are also sympathetic to the movement, including former President Thein
Sein, who not only passed four “race and religion” laws that targeted
ethnic minorities on issues like religious conversion and interfaith marriage.
Suu Kyi remains soft on the issue of Buddhist nationalism to avoid
offending the monks, and her own government officials...."
The second factor is the military. By constitution,
the Tatmadaw (Myanmar defense forces) has a number of seats in the parliament
and discretion to declare a state of emergency.
It also controls
important ministries in the government and many other centers of power. The
country’s leadership is managing a delicate balance of power and cannot afford
to upset the balance. In this sense, the Buddhist nationalists and the
military have joined forces in their decision to persecute the Rohingya as
“deadweight” and “interlopers”. The government is stuck trying to keep up
with the alliance, although many indications also show that
the three generally agree on the matter of the Rohingya.
Third, it's just about popular views. There's every indication
that the elites and the majority of the population do not care for the rights
of Muslim minority. More moderate viewpoints see citizenship as the key question: that citizenship rights shouldn't be awarded without
extensive scrutiny -- dare I say, extreme vetting.
5. World powers are
also silent
"... in
2005, the member states of the United Nations endorsed the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) framework,
which obligates the international community to protect civilians from mass
atrocities when their governments are “unwilling or unable” to keep them safe.
R2P was borne out of collective guilt over the mass slaughter of civilians in
Rwanda and Bosnia and promised a new era of “timely and decisive” atrocity
response. In pursuit of this goal, early warning efforts to identify the
precursors of mass atrocities became a focus for both international and state actors.
[…] The plight of the Rohingya suggests that early
warnings do little to prevent atrocities against vulnerable groups. The high
risk of mass atrocities was clear from the escalating communitarian
violence, the documented uptick in online hate speech beginning in 2012, and
the tightening of official restrictions on the Rohingya’s movement and
activities."
Simultaneous humanitarian crises in South Sudan, Central
Africa Republic, Syria and Yemen, have desensitized the world in the
face of potential genocide. UN Security Council permanent members China and
Russia, which are battling dissidents within their own borders, refuse to
invoke the R2P lest it would be against them in the future. Furthermore, in the aftermath of the NATO-led 2011 Libya intervention, where R2P
was explicitly invoked by the UNSC, decision-makers are concerned they might be making
a bad situation worse.
Money politics is also a concern.
China has been the
largest investor into Burma. Fmr US President Obama, refusing to let the
country fall under the Chinese sphere of influence, made official visits to the
capital in 2012 and 2014, praised the country's fledgling democracy, and
lifted decades-long sanctions. It is clear that
complex geopolitical games are in play, and
unfortunately, the Rohingya and human rights are not pieces in the puzzle. Meanwhile, Donald Trump's America First is willfully abandoning
the world stage, showing apathy and paying diminished attention to human rights
issues.
The government and the military, with dominant national
support, branded the Rohingya as Islamic militants. Tapping into international counter-terrorism narratives
simultaneously bolsters the legitimacy of the military operation against the
Rohingya and undermines their status as innocent victims of state
abuse. Amongst the Burmese people, the rhetoric aborts empathy for
the Rohingya by declaring them militants and potentially dangerous.
The neighboring governments most directly affected by the refugee
crisis, Bangladesh and India, have generally just allowed the Rohingya into
their borders -- but as matter of policy, they declare
that the refugees cannot stay permanently, which is understandable given the
heavy
burden and lackluster, unsustainable conditions of the camps.
6. Finally: you can help
